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you are about to hear a discussion of a

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first in the history of exploration

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the most distant human-made object

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nasa's voyager 1 spacecraft

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is an interstellar space the space

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between the stars

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this conclusion is possible because of

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data from the spacecraft's plasma waste

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science instrument built and operated by

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the university of iowa and a team led by

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don guernette

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the 36 year old probe is now sailing the

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uncharted waters of a new cosmic sea and

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it has brought us along for the journey

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now let's talk about the details of this

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ladies and gentlemen

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as you just heard today is a historic

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moment for nasa

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the voyager team and in fact humankind

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my name is dwayne brown with nasa's

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office of communications we have a lot

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to cover

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we're going to get right into it but a

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reminder that all of the information you

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will hear today and much more

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is on our website at www dot nasa

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slash voyager

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join the conversation

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a lot will be talked about today

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twitter facebook and other social

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media venues and

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join

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the q a session

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send in your question at hashtag

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ask nasa

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before i introduce our panel

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to give opening remarks

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we should please welcome an

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astrophysicist

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five-time

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flown space shuttle astronaut

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and head or associate administrator for

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nasa's science mission directorate

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space

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the final frontier

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these are the voyages of the starship

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voyager

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its 36-year mission

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to explore strange new worlds

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to seek out anomalous cosmic rays

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and new plasmas

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to boldly go where no probe

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has gone before

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those words from star trek of course

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have inspired so many of us and i think

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are you know characteristic of of the

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excitement and the discoveries we're

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going to talk about today

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voyager like the ancient mariners is

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pushing out into new territory

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nasa's science is all about exploring

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the earth the solar system the galaxy

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and the universe itself

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someday humans will leave our cocoon in

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the solar system to explore beyond our

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home system

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voyager will have led the way

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today's excite exciting science results

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reflect a dynamic and i suspect

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continuing debate

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about the nature of our heliosphere

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this story is a story of science a story

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of exploration and a narrative about

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over 40 years of hard work

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by one of our top teams of scientists

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and engineers

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that's almost the entire history of the

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space age

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i'd personally like to salute one member

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of the team

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my former boss ed stone

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one of our country's greatest scientists

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uh and my personal hero

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and to veger i say

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thank you sir okay

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now to our panel

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first up you will hear

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ed stone

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voyager project scientist

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don garnett

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voyager plasma wave investigation

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principle investigator

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gary zank

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department of space sciences

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center for space plasma and

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aeronautics research or cspar

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at the university of alabama in

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and suzanne dodd

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forger project manager at nasa's jet

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propulsion laboratory

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in pasadena california and with that dr

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stone i'll turn it over to you okay

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well this is the spacecraft the first

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interstellar space we made it well we

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still had enough power to

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send back home what it was uh that we

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have now now is exploring in the this

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new region of space

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35 years uh nine 13 billion miles

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journey uh it began in 1972 when the

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project started july of 1972 uh with

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launching not two of two spacecraft in

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1977

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for jupiter saturn uranus and neptune

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that was 1989 and then in 1990 we began

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what's now called the voyager

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interstellar mission

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you might say well what is there to

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discover beyond the planets

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uh and that's what we were

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that was our job was to discover what

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was beyond the planets the sun the wind

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of the atmosphere of the sun expands

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supersonically a million miles per hour

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creating a huge bubble around all of the

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planets

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that is called the heliosphere

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and inside that bubble it's filled with

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the

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because it's ionized and that plasma

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carries out from the sun the sun's

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magnetic field and that fills this

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bubble outside the bubble the plasma

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comes from the explosion has from other

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giant stars millions of years ago

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and that plasma carries with it the

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magnetic field of the galaxy so that's

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what's inside and we are now outside

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the uh if i could have the first slide

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this is a hubble image of one of these

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astrospheres around a nearby star in the

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orion nebula and you'll notice you can't

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see the the astrosphere itself you see

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the star brightly shining

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with an orange bow shock around it but

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you can't see the object which is a

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large invisible sphere what you see is a

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shock created as the interstellar wind

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comes from the right side of that image

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and is diverted around the bubble that

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you cannot see and it glows because it's

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been excited by that

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that whole process

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we're inside of a bubble like that and

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are now out in that bright orange

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yellowish region out in front of our own

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uh bubble

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now

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the if i could have the video please

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turns out that voyager has been on its

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way for 35 years 36 years now it travels

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outward at a million miles every day

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almost a million miles a day and it was

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2004 9 billion miles from the sun before

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it ran it be had any sense of being

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close to the edge of the heliosphere

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that's when it found that the solar wind

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itself had slowed down from supersonic

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to subsonic speeds and in this picture

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you see the blue area is the heliosphere

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the darker blue is the supersonic part

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of the wind and voyager 1 crossed into

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the lair that's beyond that the dark the

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blue or somewhat darker blue area in

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december of 2004 9 billion miles from

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the sun it was another 4 billion miles

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before it reached the edge of the bubble

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and that was in august 2012. that's when

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we saw the energetic particles inside

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the bubble leak out and disappear and

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that's where we saw for the first time

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the lowest energy galactic cosmic rays

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which are in the space outside were

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suddenly could be seen

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and from that point of view it looked as

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though we had crossed

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into interstellar space but we did not

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in fact were not able to conclude that

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you might say why didn't we know in

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august last year that in fact we crossed

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in interstellar space that's because the

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boundary really is the boundary between

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these two plasmas the solar plasma of

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the wind and the interstellar plasma and

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unfortunately our plasma instrument does

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not work on voyager 1. so we could not

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directly measure these two plasmas so we

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try we used a proxy and that proxy is

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the magnetic field carried by the two

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plasmas the field carried by the sun is

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directed like this

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the field carried we thought carried by

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the interstellar

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wind was like this so we thought when we

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crossed the boundary we would see the

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field rotate

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well we crossed the boundary and

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that's what happened no change in

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direction just an increased strength of

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the field so we couldn't conclude that

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in fact we had changed plasma

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environments we couldn't directly test

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that idea

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so what do we know now uh that we

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didn't know a year ago well we were very

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fortunate that the spacecraft has on it

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besides the magnetometer which is what

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we used as a proxy we also have these

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two 10 meter antennas which are part of

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the plasma wave science instrument that

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don will talk about in a moment and that

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was very important because it gave us

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another way to measure the plasma

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assuming there were some waves in the

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plasma the last time though that

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instrument saw any waves was when we

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crossed that termination shock at the

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nine billion miles there hasn't been

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hadn't been a wave for another seven

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years

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until the sun basically had an eruption

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in march of 2012 which was fortunately

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headed in the direction of voyager

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in about 400 days it's like a tsunami it

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finally got to where voyager is it

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caused the plasma uh to react in a way

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that it could be sensed and we knew for

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the first time we were in the dense

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plasma of interstellar space

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not in the rarer plasma of the outer

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part of the solar envelope

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so

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that's a major that's a major new piece

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of data and i think it convinced most of

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us at least that we indeed are in

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interstellar space for the first time

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uh

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so that was a lucky gift from the sun

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and we hope that there will be more

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more such eruptions so that we can

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measure the plasma as we continue

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now what does it mean to reach

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interstellar space well first of all

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it's just we got there i mean this is

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something we all hoped when we started

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on this 40 years ago that this would

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happen but none of us knew how big this

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bubble was and none of us knew anything

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could last as long as the two voyager

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spacecraft so

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certainly luck is an important part of

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this but wow when we first saw that data

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a year ago it was really quite stunning

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after having been on the way for so many

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years

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uh this remarkable journey

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is clearly a tribute to the many

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individuals responsible for the success

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of the voyager mission over the last

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four decades

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in leaving the heliosphere and setting

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sail on the cosmic seas between the

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stars voyager has joined the other uh

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historic journeys of exploration such as

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the first circumnavigation of the earth

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and the first footprint on the moon

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this historic step is even more exciting

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because it marks the beginning

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of a new era of exploration for villager

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the exploration of this of the space

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between the stars so i'll turn it over

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to don

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thanks a lot ed for the introduction and

284
00:11:42,630 --> 00:11:41,600
for commenting on the plasma wave

285
00:11:44,710 --> 00:11:42,640
instrument

286
00:11:47,509 --> 00:11:44,720
well as ed said

287
00:11:49,590 --> 00:11:47,519
the real issue here is plasmas

288
00:11:51,430 --> 00:11:49,600
which kind of plasma are we in are we in

289
00:11:52,629 --> 00:11:51,440
the solar plasma or the interstellar

290
00:11:54,790 --> 00:11:52,639
plasma

291
00:11:56,790 --> 00:11:54,800
now it's just an unfortunate thing that

292
00:11:58,790 --> 00:11:56,800
the instrument that was designed to

293
00:12:03,190 --> 00:11:58,800
measure plasmas

294
00:12:05,350 --> 00:12:03,200
failed a long time ago about 1980.

295
00:12:07,910 --> 00:12:05,360
now the instrument that i'm responsible

296
00:12:09,750 --> 00:12:07,920
for the plasma wave instrument

297
00:12:12,069 --> 00:12:09,760
it's designed to measure waves

298
00:12:14,150 --> 00:12:12,079
propagating in this ionized media out

299
00:12:15,750 --> 00:12:14,160
there we call plasma

300
00:12:17,430 --> 00:12:15,760
it's kind of an exotic subject but

301
00:12:19,350 --> 00:12:17,440
there's a lot of different types of

302
00:12:21,430 --> 00:12:19,360
waves propagates some they're just like

303
00:12:23,190 --> 00:12:21,440
sound waves like i'm talking with here

304
00:12:24,949 --> 00:12:23,200
they're called ion sound waves they

305
00:12:27,269 --> 00:12:24,959
propagate

306
00:12:29,509 --> 00:12:27,279
sometimes great distances

307
00:12:32,629 --> 00:12:29,519
they're also radio waves

308
00:12:34,389 --> 00:12:32,639
now our instrument consists of two long

309
00:12:36,069 --> 00:12:34,399
electric antennas if you bring up the

310
00:12:37,750 --> 00:12:36,079
picture of voyager

311
00:12:38,550 --> 00:12:37,760
you can see them there they're 10 meters

312
00:12:40,629 --> 00:12:38,560
long

313
00:12:42,389 --> 00:12:40,639
and we essentially have a radio receiver

314
00:12:44,150 --> 00:12:42,399
at the base of those antennas i might

315
00:12:45,190 --> 00:12:44,160
comment those antennas are kind of like

316
00:12:46,790 --> 00:12:45,200
the

317
00:12:48,870 --> 00:12:46,800
v-shaped antennas you used to have

318
00:12:50,470 --> 00:12:48,880
sitting on top of your tv you know the

319
00:12:52,870 --> 00:12:50,480
rabbit ears

320
00:12:55,190 --> 00:12:52,880
well we can detect radio emissions

321
00:12:57,350 --> 00:12:55,200
jupiter saturn and these outer planets

322
00:12:59,430 --> 00:12:57,360
are very intense radio emitters and

323
00:13:00,710 --> 00:12:59,440
we've done a lot of research on radio

324
00:13:03,590 --> 00:13:00,720
emissions

325
00:13:05,750 --> 00:13:03,600
but as i said you can also detect waves

326
00:13:07,829 --> 00:13:05,760
propagating in the plasma now there's

327
00:13:10,069 --> 00:13:07,839
one type of wave that's particularly

328
00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:10,079
important for us it's called an electron

329
00:13:13,750 --> 00:13:11,760
plasma oscillation

330
00:13:15,509 --> 00:13:13,760
you'll have an exam afterwards on quizzy

331
00:13:18,310 --> 00:13:15,519
on the properties of this

332
00:13:21,430 --> 00:13:18,320
if you displace the electrons from the

333
00:13:23,269 --> 00:13:21,440
ions and release them there's attractive

334
00:13:24,790 --> 00:13:23,279
force and the electrons will proceed to

335
00:13:26,550 --> 00:13:24,800
oscillate back and forth at a

336
00:13:29,509 --> 00:13:26,560
characteristic frequency that we call

337
00:13:30,790 --> 00:13:29,519
the electron plasma frequency

338
00:13:33,829 --> 00:13:30,800
it turns out

339
00:13:37,190 --> 00:13:33,839
this oscillation frequency is

340
00:13:39,750 --> 00:13:37,200
directly related to the plasma density

341
00:13:41,509 --> 00:13:39,760
the number of particles say per per

342
00:13:43,670 --> 00:13:41,519
cubic meter

343
00:13:46,150 --> 00:13:43,680
and that's a very important

344
00:13:48,949 --> 00:13:46,160
quantity to try to distinguish between

345
00:13:51,189 --> 00:13:48,959
the interstellar plasma and the solar

346
00:13:53,350 --> 00:13:51,199
plasma because it turns out for reasons

347
00:13:55,269 --> 00:13:53,360
i'll try to explain shortly

348
00:13:57,670 --> 00:13:55,279
the interstellar plasma is actually

349
00:14:00,470 --> 00:13:57,680
considerably has considerably higher

350
00:14:03,990 --> 00:14:00,480
density than the solar plasma

351
00:14:05,670 --> 00:14:04,000
so we can detect uh these waves uh when

352
00:14:08,870 --> 00:14:05,680
the oscillation occurs kind of like a

353
00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:08,880
vibration uh uh in the uh

354
00:14:13,110 --> 00:14:11,680
plasma but unfortunately we don't do it

355
00:14:16,069 --> 00:14:13,120
all the time

356
00:14:18,150 --> 00:14:16,079
and i'll get into why for example when

357
00:14:19,829 --> 00:14:18,160
when we saw the cosmic ray changes

358
00:14:21,509 --> 00:14:19,839
unfortunately we didn't have any plasma

359
00:14:22,710 --> 00:14:21,519
oscillations so we couldn't tell you the

360
00:14:24,710 --> 00:14:22,720
density

361
00:14:27,189 --> 00:14:24,720
now okay so when can we measure the

362
00:14:30,629 --> 00:14:27,199
plasma oscillations well it's got to do

363
00:14:32,230 --> 00:14:30,639
with the presence of an electron beam uh

364
00:14:33,990 --> 00:14:32,240
you know it's like a wind instrument if

365
00:14:36,790 --> 00:14:34,000
you got air blowing in a wind instrument

366
00:14:37,910 --> 00:14:36,800
you sometimes get a distinct pitch or

367
00:14:39,189 --> 00:14:37,920
sound

368
00:14:41,350 --> 00:14:39,199
sort of like that

369
00:14:43,750 --> 00:14:41,360
okay where do we get electron beams we

370
00:14:46,470 --> 00:14:43,760
get those from solar events

371
00:14:48,550 --> 00:14:46,480
big explosions on the sun that eject

372
00:14:50,710 --> 00:14:48,560
plasma out from the sun that's all

373
00:14:53,189 --> 00:14:50,720
called coronal mass ejections and you

374
00:14:55,910 --> 00:14:53,199
can run the soho image there it'll show

375
00:14:57,750 --> 00:14:55,920
some examples soho image i hope it's

376
00:15:00,870 --> 00:14:57,760
running

377
00:15:03,350 --> 00:15:00,880
anyway these ejections come out at very

378
00:15:04,710 --> 00:15:03,360
high velocities million over a million

379
00:15:08,069 --> 00:15:04,720
miles an hour

380
00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:08,079
and sometimes they're very dense a blast

381
00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:09,600
of plasma coming out from the sun

382
00:15:15,670 --> 00:15:12,240
propagates great distances takes almost

383
00:15:18,389 --> 00:15:15,680
a year to get out to voyager distances

384
00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:18,399
ahead of those blast waves electrons are

385
00:15:22,389 --> 00:15:20,240
accelerated at the shock that's in front

386
00:15:24,069 --> 00:15:22,399
of them and they stimulate our plasma

387
00:15:26,870 --> 00:15:24,079
oscillations

388
00:15:27,910 --> 00:15:26,880
now it turned out after the cosmic ray

389
00:15:30,310 --> 00:15:27,920
change

390
00:15:33,829 --> 00:15:30,320
about a month and a half later in

391
00:15:36,150 --> 00:15:33,839
october november 2012 we detected

392
00:15:38,790 --> 00:15:36,160
plasma oscillations

393
00:15:40,710 --> 00:15:38,800
and it was created by a solar event that

394
00:15:42,550 --> 00:15:40,720
frankly we're still trying to study

395
00:15:44,470 --> 00:15:42,560
exactly what event it was it's sort of

396
00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:44,480
hard over such great distances to make

397
00:15:48,069 --> 00:15:46,000
those connections

398
00:15:50,629 --> 00:15:48,079
then there was another event in

399
00:15:52,230 --> 00:15:50,639
this year in april may that was even

400
00:15:54,790 --> 00:15:52,240
stronger

401
00:15:56,949 --> 00:15:54,800
now i'm going to show you shortly a

402
00:15:58,150 --> 00:15:56,959
spectrogram a plot of frequency versus

403
00:15:59,189 --> 00:15:58,160
time

404
00:16:01,030 --> 00:15:59,199
and

405
00:16:02,870 --> 00:16:01,040
on that spectrogram

406
00:16:06,069 --> 00:16:02,880
these oscillations that i'm talking

407
00:16:08,310 --> 00:16:06,079
about occur at audio frequencies

408
00:16:09,829 --> 00:16:08,320
so with our receiver we can actually

409
00:16:11,350 --> 00:16:09,839
transmit them back to the ground

410
00:16:14,150 --> 00:16:11,360
actually what happens it gets stored in

411
00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:14,160
a spacecraft tape recorder which we play

412
00:16:17,829 --> 00:16:15,920
back every six months so there's some

413
00:16:18,870 --> 00:16:17,839
big time delays involved here that's one

414
00:16:20,790 --> 00:16:18,880
of the reasons we're a little late

415
00:16:23,110 --> 00:16:20,800
reporting this

416
00:16:24,870 --> 00:16:23,120
but you can play it back and then uh you

417
00:16:27,350 --> 00:16:24,880
can actually listen to it

418
00:16:29,829 --> 00:16:27,360
uh so what i'm going to do is uh start

419
00:16:32,389 --> 00:16:29,839
this recording not yet however

420
00:16:34,150 --> 00:16:32,399
and you'll see a cursor moving it i have

421
00:16:36,150 --> 00:16:34,160
a seven month interval that i show there

422
00:16:37,430 --> 00:16:36,160
that we compressed fortunately to 15

423
00:16:39,590 --> 00:16:37,440
seconds we aren't going to sit here and

424
00:16:41,350 --> 00:16:39,600
listen for seven months to these things

425
00:16:44,629 --> 00:16:41,360
but what you'll hear you'll hear the

426
00:16:46,870 --> 00:16:44,639
first october november uh

427
00:16:48,230 --> 00:16:46,880
2012 event then there'll be a little bit

428
00:16:51,829 --> 00:16:48,240
of a gap where you don't hear anything

429
00:16:54,310 --> 00:16:51,839
then you'll hear the uh the april may

430
00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:54,320
2013 event

431
00:17:00,230 --> 00:16:57,360
so when you hear this recording

432
00:17:02,310 --> 00:17:00,240
please recognize it's a historic event

433
00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:02,320
it's the first time that we've ever made

434
00:17:06,309 --> 00:17:05,360
a recording of sounds in interstellar

435
00:17:23,270 --> 00:17:06,319
space

436
00:17:27,669 --> 00:17:25,189
sounds as i tried to explain from the

437
00:17:29,350 --> 00:17:27,679
frequency we can compute very accurately

438
00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:29,360
the plasma density

439
00:17:33,430 --> 00:17:31,200
and it turned out to be about a hundred

440
00:17:35,830 --> 00:17:33,440
thousand per cubic cents

441
00:17:38,630 --> 00:17:35,840
per cubic meter just almost exactly what

442
00:17:40,870 --> 00:17:38,640
we expected the interstellar

443
00:17:43,350 --> 00:17:40,880
plasma in fact when we saw the first

444
00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:43,360
event i just myself my colleague bill

445
00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:45,760
kurth we said we're in the interstellar

446
00:17:48,549 --> 00:17:46,960
plasma

447
00:17:50,710 --> 00:17:48,559
now you'll notice another thing in that

448
00:17:52,310 --> 00:17:50,720
recording uh the frequency was

449
00:17:54,310 --> 00:17:52,320
increasing uh

450
00:17:56,630 --> 00:17:54,320
let's play it again i put a dashed line

451
00:17:59,430 --> 00:17:56,640
on this on the spectrogram so you can

452
00:18:14,950 --> 00:17:59,440
kind of get an idea how it's increasing

453
00:18:19,590 --> 00:18:17,029
so this is evidence that we're propaga

454
00:18:22,150 --> 00:18:19,600
where the spacecraft is moving into what

455
00:18:24,230 --> 00:18:22,160
i term a density ramp a slowly

456
00:18:26,470 --> 00:18:24,240
increasing plasma density

457
00:18:29,510 --> 00:18:26,480
and my colleague over here gary zank

458
00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:29,520
will shortly but not right now

459
00:18:34,549 --> 00:18:31,360
explain that ramp

460
00:18:37,270 --> 00:18:34,559
i have to tell you that we made radio

461
00:18:39,909 --> 00:18:37,280
the detections of the heliopause

462
00:18:43,669 --> 00:18:39,919
20 years ago in 1993

463
00:18:45,750 --> 00:18:43,679
and i detected that same ramp

464
00:18:47,830 --> 00:18:45,760
as a shock wave propagated into the

465
00:18:50,070 --> 00:18:47,840
interstellar medium and the and the

466
00:18:52,390 --> 00:18:50,080
radio frequency which is at the plasma

467
00:18:55,029 --> 00:18:52,400
the same frequency gradually rose and

468
00:18:57,190 --> 00:18:55,039
those two observations seem to match

469
00:18:59,190 --> 00:18:57,200
almost perfectly

470
00:19:01,430 --> 00:18:59,200
well let me go in a little more into

471
00:19:02,950 --> 00:19:01,440
what all this means

472
00:19:04,710 --> 00:19:02,960
if you'll show the next

473
00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:04,720
illustration this is actually one of

474
00:19:10,470 --> 00:19:07,280
gary's thanks illustrations

475
00:19:13,590 --> 00:19:10,480
and it shows there the

476
00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:13,600
the sort of bullet-shaped heliopause

477
00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:16,880
and inside the heliopause is that hot

478
00:19:20,230 --> 00:19:18,960
plasma from solar wind that flows out

479
00:19:22,230 --> 00:19:20,240
from the sun

480
00:19:24,470 --> 00:19:22,240
and the very hottest part is out there

481
00:19:27,029 --> 00:19:24,480
where it shows a red

482
00:19:29,430 --> 00:19:27,039
in that region the temperature

483
00:19:31,669 --> 00:19:29,440
is on the order of a million degrees or

484
00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:31,679
even several million degrees extremely

485
00:19:34,390 --> 00:19:32,960
hot

486
00:19:36,470 --> 00:19:34,400
and then

487
00:19:39,110 --> 00:19:36,480
the heliopause occurs then the blue

488
00:19:41,510 --> 00:19:39,120
region is the interstellar plasma

489
00:19:43,029 --> 00:19:41,520
and in the interstellar plasma

490
00:19:45,190 --> 00:19:43,039
we have various reasons to think the

491
00:19:47,190 --> 00:19:45,200
temperature is more modest

492
00:19:49,909 --> 00:19:47,200
still height my terrestrial standards

493
00:19:51,110 --> 00:19:49,919
but about 6 000 degrees so you have this

494
00:19:52,549 --> 00:19:51,120
tremendous

495
00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:52,559
temperature difference across the

496
00:19:56,390 --> 00:19:54,240
heliopause

497
00:19:57,750 --> 00:19:56,400
and to balance the pressure at the

498
00:20:00,549 --> 00:19:57,760
heliopause you have to have a

499
00:20:01,990 --> 00:20:00,559
corresponding increase in the plasma

500
00:20:06,230 --> 00:20:02,000
density

501
00:20:08,630 --> 00:20:06,240
into the interstellar being

502
00:20:10,310 --> 00:20:08,640
interstellar plasma that may seem

503
00:20:11,510 --> 00:20:10,320
counter-intuitive you might think the

504
00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:11,520
interstellar

505
00:20:15,110 --> 00:20:13,520
you know plasma is it's like a vacuum

506
00:20:17,350 --> 00:20:15,120
but it's not the density actually goes

507
00:20:20,310 --> 00:20:17,360
up substantially

508
00:20:21,750 --> 00:20:20,320
and as i described we just measured the

509
00:20:23,909 --> 00:20:21,760
density on the

510
00:20:27,190 --> 00:20:23,919
on the interstellar side if you go to

511
00:20:29,430 --> 00:20:27,200
the next slide i show a plot

512
00:20:31,669 --> 00:20:29,440
of the plasma density as you come out

513
00:20:34,710 --> 00:20:31,679
from the sun on the left

514
00:20:35,909 --> 00:20:34,720
and the red is a very hot gas from the

515
00:20:38,070 --> 00:20:35,919
sun

516
00:20:40,710 --> 00:20:38,080
and on the right

517
00:20:42,950 --> 00:20:40,720
is the interstellar plasma which i

518
00:20:44,710 --> 00:20:42,960
colored blue because it's cool

519
00:20:46,310 --> 00:20:44,720
and you'll notice

520
00:20:47,510 --> 00:20:46,320
right at the heliopause there's that

521
00:20:48,870 --> 00:20:47,520
very large

522
00:20:50,630 --> 00:20:48,880
jump which has got to do with the

523
00:20:52,789 --> 00:20:50,640
temperature differences now we've

524
00:20:55,350 --> 00:20:52,799
actually measured the plasma density on

525
00:20:58,149 --> 00:20:55,360
the solar site at the termination shock

526
00:21:00,310 --> 00:20:58,159
like ed said nine years ago

527
00:21:02,789 --> 00:21:00,320
we detected plasma oscillations at the

528
00:21:05,110 --> 00:21:02,799
shock we often detect a lot of waves at

529
00:21:07,510 --> 00:21:05,120
the shock wave and the frequency there

530
00:21:09,270 --> 00:21:07,520
was 300 hertz

531
00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:09,280
much lower than the frequency we were

532
00:21:13,350 --> 00:21:10,640
talking about now

533
00:21:15,430 --> 00:21:13,360
and i forgot to tell you the density

534
00:21:16,789 --> 00:21:15,440
goes is the frequency squared that's

535
00:21:17,590 --> 00:21:16,799
going to be part of the quiz i'll give

536
00:21:19,190 --> 00:21:17,600
you

537
00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:19,200
and uh

538
00:21:23,990 --> 00:21:21,520
so since the frequency went up a factor

539
00:21:26,070 --> 00:21:24,000
of 10 that meant the density went up a

540
00:21:28,149 --> 00:21:26,080
factor of 100. so there's this huge

541
00:21:30,789 --> 00:21:28,159
density jump across the

542
00:21:32,230 --> 00:21:30,799
heliopause in fact we by extrapolating

543
00:21:33,830 --> 00:21:32,240
our measurements we

544
00:21:36,070 --> 00:21:33,840
we make an argument in our paper that

545
00:21:38,549 --> 00:21:36,080
that density jump actually occurred on

546
00:21:40,470 --> 00:21:38,559
or around august 25th where the cosmic

547
00:21:42,230 --> 00:21:40,480
rays occur so that's probably where we

548
00:21:44,789 --> 00:21:42,240
entered into what i would call

549
00:21:48,149 --> 00:21:44,799
interstellar space anyway a very

550
00:21:49,909 --> 00:21:48,159
exciting time for me i've i've worked

551
00:21:52,230 --> 00:21:49,919
well i've been working in space research

552
00:21:54,630 --> 00:21:52,240
for 55 years i started working with jim

553
00:21:55,990 --> 00:21:54,640
van allen incidentally jim van allen was

554
00:21:59,190 --> 00:21:56,000
very interested in reaching the

555
00:22:01,350 --> 00:21:59,200
heliopause with pioneers 10 and 11 but

556
00:22:03,590 --> 00:22:01,360
unfortunately the spacecraft

557
00:22:05,830 --> 00:22:03,600
stopped operating first and he died

558
00:22:07,669 --> 00:22:05,840
several years ago i think he'd be very

559
00:22:09,590 --> 00:22:07,679
proud to

560
00:22:10,830 --> 00:22:09,600
to hear this event and maybe he's

561
00:22:13,430 --> 00:22:10,840
actually

562
00:22:16,310 --> 00:22:13,440
listening i'll introduce gary zank my

563
00:22:17,750 --> 00:22:16,320
colleague here well thanks don um

564
00:22:19,590 --> 00:22:17,760
that was just

565
00:22:21,830 --> 00:22:19,600
the news when don first called me this

566
00:22:23,430 --> 00:22:21,840
was a little before the paper was quite

567
00:22:25,270 --> 00:22:23,440
extraordinary he

568
00:22:26,789 --> 00:22:25,280
i think called me to sound me out a

569
00:22:30,470 --> 00:22:26,799
little bit about some of some of the

570
00:22:33,110 --> 00:22:30,480
models that we were developing and and

571
00:22:35,430 --> 00:22:33,120
he told me that the plasma frequency had

572
00:22:37,750 --> 00:22:35,440
suggested that the

573
00:22:39,350 --> 00:22:37,760
number density the plasma density that

574
00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:39,360
they were measuring was on the order of

575
00:22:44,149 --> 00:22:42,080
of about .08 particles per cubic

576
00:22:47,270 --> 00:22:44,159
centimeter and i took i think it took us

577
00:22:48,710 --> 00:22:47,280
both what all of 10 seconds 15 seconds

578
00:22:50,950 --> 00:22:48,720
to conclude that we had to be in the

579
00:22:52,950 --> 00:22:50,960
interstellar medium and so why did we

580
00:22:55,430 --> 00:22:52,960
conclude that i think if we pull up the

581
00:22:57,430 --> 00:22:55,440
first figure there's a simulation these

582
00:22:59,190 --> 00:22:57,440
are the this looks quite simple but it

583
00:23:01,830 --> 00:22:59,200
comes from an extraordinarily complex

584
00:23:04,310 --> 00:23:01,840
set of simulations um that that we run

585
00:23:06,549 --> 00:23:04,320
on on a lot of the sort of top-end

586
00:23:08,630 --> 00:23:06,559
supercomputers around the country

587
00:23:11,350 --> 00:23:08,640
but what you can see in that blue side

588
00:23:13,350 --> 00:23:11,360
is is the interstellar medium region and

589
00:23:16,230 --> 00:23:13,360
you'll notice on the left side is is

590
00:23:18,390 --> 00:23:16,240
white and the white in fact is is the

591
00:23:19,830 --> 00:23:18,400
solar material the material that came

592
00:23:21,909 --> 00:23:19,840
from the sun

593
00:23:23,830 --> 00:23:21,919
and these computer simulations

594
00:23:25,909 --> 00:23:23,840
illustrate very very clearly that there

595
00:23:29,190 --> 00:23:25,919
should be an enormous jump in going from

596
00:23:32,149 --> 00:23:29,200
the solar side to the interstellar side

597
00:23:34,310 --> 00:23:32,159
in the density of the of the plasma

598
00:23:36,470 --> 00:23:34,320
that plasma jump in fact is on the order

599
00:23:39,350 --> 00:23:36,480
of a hundred times

600
00:23:41,350 --> 00:23:39,360
now you might ask why in fact was the

601
00:23:43,269 --> 00:23:41,360
instrument not observing something that

602
00:23:44,630 --> 00:23:43,279
could have been in the solar in the

603
00:23:46,310 --> 00:23:44,640
solar

604
00:23:47,350 --> 00:23:46,320
medium instead of the interstellar

605
00:23:48,950 --> 00:23:47,360
medium

606
00:23:50,950 --> 00:23:48,960
for example these very strong

607
00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:50,960
tsunami-like shocks that that ed

608
00:23:54,950 --> 00:23:52,240
referred to

609
00:23:56,710 --> 00:23:54,960
well we've examined that and and we know

610
00:23:58,950 --> 00:23:56,720
from the simulations and from the

611
00:24:00,230 --> 00:23:58,960
expectations of the underlying theory

612
00:24:02,390 --> 00:24:00,240
that in fact

613
00:24:05,190 --> 00:24:02,400
such huge enhancements of the number

614
00:24:07,990 --> 00:24:05,200
density are impossible to get within the

615
00:24:09,990 --> 00:24:08,000
within the um within the solar medium it

616
00:24:11,830 --> 00:24:10,000
has to be that we crossed over the

617
00:24:13,430 --> 00:24:11,840
interstellar medium the other thing that

618
00:24:15,269 --> 00:24:13,440
you'll notice interestingly about that

619
00:24:17,830 --> 00:24:15,279
figure is that in fact although it looks

620
00:24:20,470 --> 00:24:17,840
very steep that line that jumps from the

621
00:24:21,909 --> 00:24:20,480
in solar side to the interstellar side

622
00:24:24,390 --> 00:24:21,919
is in fact

623
00:24:26,390 --> 00:24:24,400
somewhat gradual there is a ramp there

624
00:24:29,669 --> 00:24:26,400
and that ramp gradually increases and so

625
00:24:31,669 --> 00:24:29,679
that again is is very consistent with um

626
00:24:33,190 --> 00:24:31,679
with the kind of observations that that

627
00:24:34,470 --> 00:24:33,200
don is reporting

628
00:24:37,510 --> 00:24:34,480
so that transition is called the

629
00:24:40,149 --> 00:24:37,520
heliopauses as don indicated

630
00:24:42,149 --> 00:24:40,159
and and it has this hundred-fold um

631
00:24:44,310 --> 00:24:42,159
increase and so consequently because

632
00:24:46,070 --> 00:24:44,320
there's no other possible explanation i

633
00:24:47,669 --> 00:24:46,080
think we're forced and we're obliged to

634
00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:47,679
conclude that we are in fact in the

635
00:24:50,470 --> 00:24:49,360
interstellar medium

636
00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:50,480
um

637
00:24:54,310 --> 00:24:52,240
this is is truly a remarkable

638
00:24:56,630 --> 00:24:54,320
achievement i believe it's very hard for

639
00:24:57,269 --> 00:24:56,640
us as i said to comprehend that um you

640
00:25:01,350 --> 00:24:57,279
know

641
00:25:03,750 --> 00:25:01,360
the space age started 55 years ago and

642
00:25:06,149 --> 00:25:03,760
in that period we've actually exited the

643
00:25:08,310 --> 00:25:06,159
solar system we we've exited the

644
00:25:10,230 --> 00:25:08,320
material that's created by the sun and

645
00:25:11,669 --> 00:25:10,240
we're in a truly alien environment the

646
00:25:13,990 --> 00:25:11,679
material in which

647
00:25:16,230 --> 00:25:14,000
voyager finds itself is not created by

648
00:25:18,789 --> 00:25:16,240
the sun it's created in fact by by our

649
00:25:21,029 --> 00:25:18,799
neighboring stars um supernova remnants

650
00:25:24,390 --> 00:25:21,039
and so forth and so voyager

651
00:25:26,149 --> 00:25:24,400
in some very real sense is is material

652
00:25:30,070 --> 00:25:26,159
that's not from the medium in which it

653
00:25:32,630 --> 00:25:30,080
finds itself so we've truly crossed over

654
00:25:35,350 --> 00:25:32,640
nonetheless voyager has and continues

655
00:25:37,590 --> 00:25:35,360
and i expect it will continue to do so

656
00:25:38,549 --> 00:25:37,600
has a remarkable capacity to surprise

657
00:25:40,549 --> 00:25:38,559
and so

658
00:25:42,710 --> 00:25:40,559
even though in some sense the

659
00:25:45,510 --> 00:25:42,720
observations that voyager has presented

660
00:25:47,590 --> 00:25:45,520
us with in terms of the density and also

661
00:25:49,990 --> 00:25:47,600
in terms of the anomalous and galactic

662
00:25:52,390 --> 00:25:50,000
cosmic rays those are all consistent

663
00:25:54,390 --> 00:25:52,400
with our expectations theoretically it

664
00:25:56,390 --> 00:25:54,400
turns out that the magnetic field as ed

665
00:25:58,549 --> 00:25:56,400
alluded to is is still something that

666
00:26:01,350 --> 00:25:58,559
puzzles us considerably

667
00:26:03,350 --> 00:26:01,360
and if we go to the next slide

668
00:26:05,430 --> 00:26:03,360
our expectations were that the

669
00:26:07,190 --> 00:26:05,440
interstellar medium had a had a magnetic

670
00:26:10,230 --> 00:26:07,200
field that was oriented in a certain

671
00:26:12,470 --> 00:26:10,240
direction and the interplanetary

672
00:26:15,110 --> 00:26:12,480
magnetic field which is effectively like

673
00:26:17,510 --> 00:26:15,120
a big archimedean spiral

674
00:26:19,830 --> 00:26:17,520
meant that the orientation between the

675
00:26:21,830 --> 00:26:19,840
magnetic field on the solar side and the

676
00:26:23,830 --> 00:26:21,840
orientation of the magnetic field on the

677
00:26:25,830 --> 00:26:23,840
interstellar side would be somewhat

678
00:26:28,310 --> 00:26:25,840
significantly different possibly by as

679
00:26:30,230 --> 00:26:28,320
much as about 30 degrees

680
00:26:32,390 --> 00:26:30,240
and there would most likely be an

681
00:26:34,149 --> 00:26:32,400
increase or a significant change in the

682
00:26:36,149 --> 00:26:34,159
magnetic field strength well what

683
00:26:37,750 --> 00:26:36,159
voyager saw is illustrated on the right

684
00:26:39,110 --> 00:26:37,760
of that figure you can see the little

685
00:26:40,470 --> 00:26:39,120
red and the little green and the little

686
00:26:43,590 --> 00:26:40,480
sort of um

687
00:26:45,830 --> 00:26:43,600
latter colored green curve and in fact

688
00:26:47,190 --> 00:26:45,840
there was almost no change very little

689
00:26:49,830 --> 00:26:47,200
change at all

690
00:26:51,430 --> 00:26:49,840
and so this is is is a real puzzle as to

691
00:26:54,149 --> 00:26:51,440
what is happening what is the physics

692
00:26:57,750 --> 00:26:54,159
that underlies this this absence of of

693
00:26:59,590 --> 00:26:57,760
of sudden change in the magnetic field

694
00:27:01,510 --> 00:26:59,600
and the reason why this is so puzzling

695
00:27:03,350 --> 00:27:01,520
is if we go to the next slide there's a

696
00:27:04,789 --> 00:27:03,360
series of three

697
00:27:07,110 --> 00:27:04,799
figures

698
00:27:09,590 --> 00:27:07,120
these the top figure is observations

699
00:27:11,830 --> 00:27:09,600
that were obtained by what's by the ibex

700
00:27:14,950 --> 00:27:11,840
spacecraft the interstellar boundary

701
00:27:17,669 --> 00:27:14,960
explorer and what it shows is in a sense

702
00:27:19,590 --> 00:27:17,679
messengers and very energetic particles

703
00:27:21,350 --> 00:27:19,600
that are created neutral particles that

704
00:27:23,909 --> 00:27:21,360
are created in the boundaries of this

705
00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:23,919
region that come to us and are measured

706
00:27:26,950 --> 00:27:26,080
by the spacecraft at one astronomical

707
00:27:29,430 --> 00:27:26,960
unit

708
00:27:31,350 --> 00:27:29,440
and the surprise in these observations

709
00:27:33,510 --> 00:27:31,360
was there was this so called ribbon that

710
00:27:34,789 --> 00:27:33,520
region of green enhancement that you see

711
00:27:36,710 --> 00:27:34,799
in the figure

712
00:27:38,470 --> 00:27:36,720
that was completely unexpected we

713
00:27:40,870 --> 00:27:38,480
managed to explain it or at least we

714
00:27:42,070 --> 00:27:40,880
thought we had managed to explain it

715
00:27:47,830 --> 00:27:42,080
by

716
00:27:49,430 --> 00:27:47,840
relied very strongly on a certain

717
00:27:51,430 --> 00:27:49,440
orientation and strength of the

718
00:27:53,990 --> 00:27:51,440
interstellar magnetic field

719
00:27:55,909 --> 00:27:54,000
and when we use this orientation and we

720
00:27:57,830 --> 00:27:55,919
ran these big computer simulations and

721
00:27:59,669 --> 00:27:57,840
we incorporated this additional physics

722
00:28:01,990 --> 00:27:59,679
what we obtained was that figure on the

723
00:28:03,830 --> 00:28:02,000
lower left and you can see that in fact

724
00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:03,840
theoretically it does an excellent job

725
00:28:08,389 --> 00:28:05,760
of agreeing with the voyager with the

726
00:28:09,909 --> 00:28:08,399
ibex observed ribbon

727
00:28:11,830 --> 00:28:09,919
unfortunately if you change that

728
00:28:14,389 --> 00:28:11,840
magnetic field around and change its

729
00:28:15,909 --> 00:28:14,399
orientation and even its strength you

730
00:28:18,470 --> 00:28:15,919
end up with something that looks more

731
00:28:20,149 --> 00:28:18,480
like the bottom panel on the right which

732
00:28:21,830 --> 00:28:20,159
is a ribbon that doesn't agree with the

733
00:28:24,070 --> 00:28:21,840
observations at all

734
00:28:25,909 --> 00:28:24,080
so we have now two constraints one is

735
00:28:28,549 --> 00:28:25,919
we're in the interstellar medium voyager

736
00:28:30,630 --> 00:28:28,559
has told us that the interstellar plasma

737
00:28:32,870 --> 00:28:30,640
density is significantly high and

738
00:28:34,230 --> 00:28:32,880
there's almost no other conclusion that

739
00:28:37,110 --> 00:28:34,240
we can come to

740
00:28:38,710 --> 00:28:37,120
and on the other hand we have

741
00:28:41,430 --> 00:28:38,720
a magnetic field

742
00:28:44,230 --> 00:28:41,440
that can explain ibex observations and

743
00:28:45,830 --> 00:28:44,240
we have no theory whatsoever to to

744
00:28:47,510 --> 00:28:45,840
bridge this gap

745
00:28:49,510 --> 00:28:47,520
so we're in the fortunate position i'm

746
00:28:50,950 --> 00:28:49,520
not sure if ed and don agree but we're

747
00:28:52,630 --> 00:28:50,960
in the fortunate position of having

748
00:28:54,950 --> 00:28:52,640
another good few years of trying to

749
00:28:56,630 --> 00:28:54,960
explain this and trying to persuade

750
00:28:59,510 --> 00:28:56,640
people that they need to continue giving

751
00:29:01,669 --> 00:28:59,520
us a lot of computer time and and money

752
00:29:04,630 --> 00:29:01,679
and effort to to allow us to figure out

753
00:29:05,909 --> 00:29:04,640
just exactly what is going on

754
00:29:07,510 --> 00:29:05,919
and

755
00:29:10,389 --> 00:29:07,520
in a sense this is only really the

756
00:29:12,630 --> 00:29:10,399
beginning voyager as i said has this in

757
00:29:15,590 --> 00:29:12,640
rather remarkable capacity to surprise

758
00:29:17,669 --> 00:29:15,600
at every turn and we're now going into a

759
00:29:19,590 --> 00:29:17,679
completely new environment it's truly

760
00:29:21,430 --> 00:29:19,600
alien it's not part of the solar system

761
00:29:23,510 --> 00:29:21,440
we've stepped into the galaxy we're out

762
00:29:25,990 --> 00:29:23,520
of our solar environment

763
00:29:28,549 --> 00:29:26,000
and what voyager is going to discover

764
00:29:30,870 --> 00:29:28,559
truly beggars the imagination i think

765
00:29:33,430 --> 00:29:30,880
that um at least for theorists we've got

766
00:29:35,190 --> 00:29:33,440
10 20 30 years of great fun and

767
00:29:37,669 --> 00:29:35,200
excitement ahead of us

768
00:29:40,630 --> 00:29:37,679
um and i'm looking forward to it it for

769
00:29:43,029 --> 00:29:40,640
me just turned on a personal note it's

770
00:29:45,430 --> 00:29:43,039
been truly remarkable i was in high

771
00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:45,440
school in a different country altogether

772
00:29:49,990 --> 00:29:47,840
when voyager was launched i did not know

773
00:29:52,149 --> 00:29:50,000
of ed i did not know don

774
00:29:54,710 --> 00:29:52,159
it's been a privilege to to get to know

775
00:29:56,549 --> 00:29:54,720
both of them of course but voyager has

776
00:29:58,870 --> 00:29:56,559
had this capacity not only to do

777
00:30:00,950 --> 00:29:58,880
fantastic really groundbreaking and

778
00:30:01,830 --> 00:30:00,960
remarkable science that

779
00:30:04,789 --> 00:30:01,840
um

780
00:30:06,470 --> 00:30:04,799
is is as as ed described

781
00:30:09,669 --> 00:30:06,480
ranks with the greatest voyages of

782
00:30:12,149 --> 00:30:09,679
discovery of of of humankind but it's

783
00:30:14,710 --> 00:30:12,159
also bridged generations of scientists

784
00:30:16,630 --> 00:30:14,720
um across and and as i said

785
00:30:18,870 --> 00:30:16,640
this is a mission that's almost as long

786
00:30:20,870 --> 00:30:18,880
as the space age itself and i've had the

787
00:30:23,510 --> 00:30:20,880
opportunity of

788
00:30:26,630 --> 00:30:23,520
witnessing in a sense the launch and now

789
00:30:29,269 --> 00:30:26,640
being at at what to me is a culturally

790
00:30:32,230 --> 00:30:29,279
and historically changing moment in in

791
00:30:34,230 --> 00:30:32,240
humankind we've put something into into

792
00:30:36,789 --> 00:30:34,240
interstellar space it's our first step

793
00:30:39,269 --> 00:30:36,799
into the galaxy and for a younger person

794
00:30:41,269 --> 00:30:39,279
i'm told my daughters tell me not

795
00:30:43,430 --> 00:30:41,279
that i'm not a young person anymore but

796
00:30:45,750 --> 00:30:43,440
for a younger person in any event it's

797
00:30:48,710 --> 00:30:45,760
it's it's it's quite humbling to be part

798
00:30:52,389 --> 00:30:50,310
so suzanne you're going to tell me why

799
00:30:54,630 --> 00:30:52,399
an obsolete piece of equipment still

800
00:30:57,269 --> 00:30:54,640
continues to function yeah

801
00:30:59,029 --> 00:30:57,279
thank you gary um well i'm i'm thrilled

802
00:31:00,630 --> 00:30:59,039
to be here wow that's about all i can

803
00:31:02,710 --> 00:31:00,640
say um

804
00:31:04,870 --> 00:31:02,720
i'll admit like gary i was in high

805
00:31:06,230 --> 00:31:04,880
school when voyager was launched and i

806
00:31:08,870 --> 00:31:06,240
was a little more concerned about

807
00:31:11,029 --> 00:31:08,880
getting my driver's license than i was

808
00:31:14,070 --> 00:31:11,039
about watching voyager launch at the

809
00:31:16,549 --> 00:31:14,080
time but i'm i'm excited to be here and

810
00:31:20,149 --> 00:31:16,559
talk to you today as the project manager

811
00:31:22,149 --> 00:31:20,159
and the key point i want to make is that

812
00:31:24,310 --> 00:31:22,159
this mission is not over i think you've

813
00:31:26,470 --> 00:31:24,320
heard all the my previous speakers tell

814
00:31:27,750 --> 00:31:26,480
you how much more science is out there

815
00:31:29,669 --> 00:31:27,760
yet to come

816
00:31:32,870 --> 00:31:29,679
and many many more discoveries are out

817
00:31:34,710 --> 00:31:32,880
there yet to come as well if we can roll

818
00:31:35,830 --> 00:31:34,720
the first graphic

819
00:31:38,149 --> 00:31:35,840
so

820
00:31:39,909 --> 00:31:38,159
voyager was launched at a time where it

821
00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:39,919
could take advantage of a unique

822
00:31:46,470 --> 00:31:44,480
trajectory which happens only 176 years

823
00:31:49,190 --> 00:31:46,480
it could reach all the outer planets in

824
00:31:50,630 --> 00:31:49,200
a 12-year time period uh the last time

825
00:31:53,830 --> 00:31:50,640
that could have happened was during

826
00:31:57,190 --> 00:31:53,840
thomas jefferson's administration so

827
00:31:58,870 --> 00:31:57,200
uh voyager 1 uh went by

828
00:32:01,590 --> 00:31:58,880
uh jupiter and saturn that was the

829
00:32:03,830 --> 00:32:01,600
original mission and then voyager 2 was

830
00:32:05,350 --> 00:32:03,840
able to continue on to uranus and

831
00:32:07,269 --> 00:32:05,360
neptune

832
00:32:10,149 --> 00:32:07,279
between the two voyager spacecraft they

833
00:32:11,269 --> 00:32:10,159
discovered 23 moons of the outer giant

834
00:32:14,389 --> 00:32:11,279
planets

835
00:32:17,990 --> 00:32:14,399
and today voyager is traveling away from

836
00:32:19,990 --> 00:32:18,000
us in interstellar space at over 38 000

837
00:32:23,110 --> 00:32:20,000
miles per hour

838
00:32:26,070 --> 00:32:23,120
now um the voyager spacecraft is old

839
00:32:27,990 --> 00:32:26,080
uh and because of that uh the science

840
00:32:31,590 --> 00:32:28,000
team who works on it are what we like to

841
00:32:34,389 --> 00:32:31,600
call well seasoned and if i can have the

842
00:32:37,430 --> 00:32:34,399
slide the team one slide

843
00:32:39,509 --> 00:32:37,440
this is an image taken from 1972. it's

844
00:32:41,830 --> 00:32:39,519
the first science steering group meeting

845
00:32:44,310 --> 00:32:41,840
held at the jet propulsion laboratory

846
00:32:46,870 --> 00:32:44,320
right after the project was started

847
00:32:48,870 --> 00:32:46,880
uh you could probably pick out ed stone

848
00:32:50,389 --> 00:32:48,880
he's the in the front row the second

849
00:32:51,509 --> 00:32:50,399
from the left his hair is a little

850
00:32:53,909 --> 00:32:51,519
darker and

851
00:32:55,350 --> 00:32:53,919
uh you know he's looking pretty good as

852
00:32:57,909 --> 00:32:55,360
well as the rest of the science team

853
00:32:59,110 --> 00:32:57,919
there and if i can have the next steam

854
00:33:01,830 --> 00:32:59,120
picture

855
00:33:04,789 --> 00:33:01,840
you'll see uh how we look today okay so

856
00:33:07,750 --> 00:33:04,799
this image was taken uh on monday

857
00:33:10,310 --> 00:33:07,760
and uh it's nearly 40 years after the

858
00:33:12,549 --> 00:33:10,320
previous image and

859
00:33:15,029 --> 00:33:12,559
this is the science team there's about

860
00:33:17,110 --> 00:33:15,039
12 engineers back at jpl who operate

861
00:33:18,710 --> 00:33:17,120
both spacecraft

862
00:33:20,549 --> 00:33:18,720
and they're uh they've been with the

863
00:33:22,549 --> 00:33:20,559
project nearly as long as all the

864
00:33:24,389 --> 00:33:22,559
scientists and and what i can tell you

865
00:33:26,789 --> 00:33:24,399
about this group is that they are

866
00:33:29,269 --> 00:33:26,799
extremely passionate about their science

867
00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:29,279
they are has passionate today

868
00:33:32,710 --> 00:33:31,120
they argue they banter at each other

869
00:33:34,389 --> 00:33:32,720
they go back and forth at it in these

870
00:33:35,909 --> 00:33:34,399
science team meetings and

871
00:33:38,950 --> 00:33:35,919
they're just as passionate today as they

872
00:33:41,029 --> 00:33:38,960
were in 1972.

873
00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:41,039
so one of the things i want to

874
00:33:45,909 --> 00:33:43,440
give you a sense for is the technology

875
00:33:47,909 --> 00:33:45,919
and the age of the voyager spacecraft so

876
00:33:51,509 --> 00:33:47,919
the voyager spacecraft

877
00:33:54,230 --> 00:33:51,519
has only 68 kilobytes of memory on board

878
00:33:56,710 --> 00:33:54,240
now i'm going to pull out my smartphone

879
00:33:59,990 --> 00:33:56,720
whichever all of you have okay this has

880
00:34:02,389 --> 00:34:00,000
240 000 times more memory than the

881
00:34:03,509 --> 00:34:02,399
voyager spacecraft

882
00:34:05,830 --> 00:34:03,519
okay

883
00:34:06,789 --> 00:34:05,840
but we it's the little spacecraft that

884
00:34:08,950 --> 00:34:06,799
could

885
00:34:10,149 --> 00:34:08,960
you know we keep on going

886
00:34:12,230 --> 00:34:10,159
um

887
00:34:14,710 --> 00:34:12,240
we talk uh communicate with the

888
00:34:15,750 --> 00:34:14,720
spacecraft every day both spacecraft

889
00:34:18,790 --> 00:34:15,760
every day

890
00:34:21,190 --> 00:34:18,800
and uh we use the deep space network

891
00:34:24,069 --> 00:34:21,200
that's run by nasa

892
00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:24,079
and really i would say the voyager and

893
00:34:30,629 --> 00:34:26,480
the dsn have grown up together the dsn

894
00:34:34,950 --> 00:34:33,510
voyager is currently 11.6 billion miles

895
00:34:38,389 --> 00:34:34,960
away from us

896
00:34:41,750 --> 00:34:38,399
and it uh the signal from voyager to the

897
00:34:43,430 --> 00:34:41,760
earth takes 17 hours and 22 minutes one

898
00:34:46,829 --> 00:34:43,440
way

899
00:34:48,869 --> 00:34:46,839
okay voyager transmits with a 22 watt

900
00:34:51,510 --> 00:34:48,879
transmitter okay that's about the size

901
00:34:53,750 --> 00:34:51,520
of your refrigerator light bulb

902
00:34:55,990 --> 00:34:53,760
when that signal comes down and the dsn

903
00:35:00,630 --> 00:34:56,000
picks it up it's one tenth of a

904
00:35:06,069 --> 00:35:03,190
now um

905
00:35:06,950 --> 00:35:06,079
uh back in february we were fortunate to

906
00:35:09,670 --> 00:35:06,960
have

907
00:35:11,910 --> 00:35:09,680
another observatory the very long

908
00:35:15,030 --> 00:35:11,920
baseline array which is operated by the

909
00:35:18,470 --> 00:35:15,040
national radio astronomy observatory try

910
00:35:20,550 --> 00:35:18,480
to look for voyager's radio signal

911
00:35:23,270 --> 00:35:20,560
at uh voyager was eleven and a half

912
00:35:25,270 --> 00:35:23,280
billion miles away last february

913
00:35:26,550 --> 00:35:25,280
and the vlba went out there and looked

914
00:35:28,390 --> 00:35:26,560
for the signal if you can bring up the

915
00:35:30,630 --> 00:35:28,400
next graphic

916
00:35:34,390 --> 00:35:30,640
they were able to see

917
00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:34,400
a blue speck and this image represents

918
00:35:39,670 --> 00:35:37,520
the voyager radio signal as seen by the

919
00:35:43,349 --> 00:35:39,680
world's most sensitive

920
00:35:46,950 --> 00:35:43,359
ground-based telescope it's just of spec

921
00:35:48,870 --> 00:35:46,960
in amongst the sea of darkness

922
00:35:51,109 --> 00:35:48,880
now i mentioned earlier that

923
00:35:52,790 --> 00:35:51,119
this mission can continue for several

924
00:35:55,109 --> 00:35:52,800
more years

925
00:35:57,349 --> 00:35:55,119
we use radioisotope thermoelectric

926
00:36:00,470 --> 00:35:57,359
generators they were provided by the

927
00:36:04,310 --> 00:36:01,430
and

928
00:36:05,750 --> 00:36:04,320
they decay at four watts per year in

929
00:36:08,630 --> 00:36:05,760
other words they lose four watts of

930
00:36:10,390 --> 00:36:08,640
power per year so as a as a project

931
00:36:12,310 --> 00:36:10,400
manager and the engineers on voyager we

932
00:36:15,109 --> 00:36:12,320
have to be very careful to manage that

933
00:36:17,109 --> 00:36:15,119
power source so that we can continue to

934
00:36:18,230 --> 00:36:17,119
operate the instruments for as long as

935
00:36:21,109 --> 00:36:18,240
possible

936
00:36:23,750 --> 00:36:21,119
and we have enough power to operate the

937
00:36:25,750 --> 00:36:23,760
fields and particles instruments

938
00:36:27,589 --> 00:36:25,760
um which are taking the current

939
00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:27,599
interstellar data

940
00:36:32,470 --> 00:36:30,480
out till the year 2020 so that's seven

941
00:36:35,109 --> 00:36:32,480
more years we can operate these

942
00:36:37,030 --> 00:36:35,119
instruments and then after the year 2020

943
00:36:37,910 --> 00:36:37,040
we'll be turning off one instrument at a

944
00:36:39,990 --> 00:36:37,920
time

945
00:36:41,990 --> 00:36:40,000
until the year 2025 when all the

946
00:36:45,190 --> 00:36:42,000
instruments will go off but that gives

947
00:36:47,030 --> 00:36:45,200
us a good 13 14 more years to operate

948
00:36:48,870 --> 00:36:47,040
the voyager spacecraft and get science

949
00:36:51,030 --> 00:36:48,880
data back from them

950
00:36:53,510 --> 00:36:51,040
we can operate the spacecraft about 10

951
00:36:55,349 --> 00:36:53,520
more years afterwards

952
00:36:57,430 --> 00:36:55,359
if we just want to take down engineering

953
00:36:59,910 --> 00:36:57,440
data

954
00:37:01,750 --> 00:36:59,920
so where is voyager going well if we can

955
00:37:04,630 --> 00:37:01,760
have the next graphic

956
00:37:09,030 --> 00:37:04,640
that's where voyager is going okay

957
00:37:11,109 --> 00:37:09,040
that star is ac plus 79 38 88

958
00:37:14,069 --> 00:37:11,119
voyager is on its way to a close

959
00:37:16,790 --> 00:37:14,079
approach with it uh in about 40 000

960
00:37:18,870 --> 00:37:16,800
years it's going to come within 1.7

961
00:37:20,710 --> 00:37:18,880
light years of this star

962
00:37:23,670 --> 00:37:20,720
and it will swing by it and it will

963
00:37:27,349 --> 00:37:23,680
continue to orbit around the center of

964
00:37:30,310 --> 00:37:28,470
and finally

965
00:37:31,589 --> 00:37:30,320
i just want to

966
00:37:34,150 --> 00:37:31,599
comment that

967
00:37:36,790 --> 00:37:34,160
i really feel the people who

968
00:37:39,349 --> 00:37:36,800
had the vision to create voyager

969
00:37:40,150 --> 00:37:39,359
who uh built it and who sent it on its

970
00:37:42,069 --> 00:37:40,160
way

971
00:37:43,829 --> 00:37:42,079
they were they just had an extraordinary

972
00:37:45,030 --> 00:37:43,839
vision about the discovery in the

973
00:37:48,950 --> 00:37:45,040
adventure

974
00:37:50,870 --> 00:37:48,960
and uh voyager was built for scientists

975
00:37:53,510 --> 00:37:50,880
but

976
00:37:55,829 --> 00:37:53,520
it's really for all of us

977
00:37:58,230 --> 00:37:55,839
voyager contains on it

978
00:38:00,710 --> 00:37:58,240
each voyager has a gold record

979
00:38:02,630 --> 00:38:00,720
this gold record was designed by carl

980
00:38:04,550 --> 00:38:02,640
sagan and his team

981
00:38:05,910 --> 00:38:04,560
and on this gold record

982
00:38:08,390 --> 00:38:05,920
are music

983
00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:08,400
and uh greetings

984
00:38:12,950 --> 00:38:10,240
and sounds

985
00:38:14,950 --> 00:38:12,960
and even images of the planet earth from

986
00:38:17,829 --> 00:38:14,960
all over the planet earth

987
00:38:19,670 --> 00:38:17,839
and it's really a time capsule of us you

988
00:38:22,069 --> 00:38:19,680
know this is this is us contained in

989
00:38:24,950 --> 00:38:22,079
this record and now the voyager and

990
00:38:27,510 --> 00:38:24,960
particularly voyager 1 is carrying this

991
00:38:29,670 --> 00:38:27,520
time capsule of us into interstellar

992
00:38:32,390 --> 00:38:29,680
space and we're traveling along with

993
00:38:34,150 --> 00:38:32,400
voyager as it continues on this journey

994
00:38:35,510 --> 00:38:34,160
of discovery

995
00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:35,520
so dwayne i'm going to give it back to

996
00:38:39,589 --> 00:38:36,400
you

997
00:38:41,750 --> 00:38:39,599
clearly

998
00:38:44,150 --> 00:38:41,760
an incredible team

999
00:38:46,310 --> 00:38:44,160
and i want to acknowledge

1000
00:38:47,910 --> 00:38:46,320
the deputy associate administrator for

1001
00:38:50,950 --> 00:38:47,920
space communications and navigation

1002
00:38:52,230 --> 00:38:50,960
scanned boundary eunice uh

1003
00:38:54,630 --> 00:38:52,240
taking care and listening to the

1004
00:38:57,109 --> 00:38:54,640
spacecraft but i believe these this team

1005
00:38:58,390 --> 00:38:57,119
and all the folks many in this room and

1006
00:38:59,990 --> 00:38:58,400
listening to this program let's give

1007
00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:00,000
them a round of applause great job

1008
00:39:09,030 --> 00:39:07,510
okay here's how we're going to do this

1009
00:39:10,870 --> 00:39:09,040
we're going to go to the phone lines but

1010
00:39:12,630 --> 00:39:10,880
i want to let our folks out there

1011
00:39:14,710 --> 00:39:12,640
watching and i'm hearing my ears there a

1012
00:39:15,829 --> 00:39:14,720
lot of you all out there buzzing about

1013
00:39:17,990 --> 00:39:15,839
this news

1014
00:39:19,750 --> 00:39:18,000
uh please stay with us because there is

1015
00:39:21,349 --> 00:39:19,760
an incredible video that we're going to

1016
00:39:23,510 --> 00:39:21,359
end the program with so don't go away

1017
00:39:25,670 --> 00:39:23,520
yet we're going to go to the phone lines

1018
00:39:27,990 --> 00:39:25,680
we're going to take a few questions a

1019
00:39:29,349 --> 00:39:28,000
lot of the media around the world have

1020
00:39:31,990 --> 00:39:29,359
their stories and we want to thank

1021
00:39:33,270 --> 00:39:32,000
working with science magazine and of

1022
00:39:36,069 --> 00:39:33,280
course all of the work from jet

1023
00:39:38,710 --> 00:39:36,079
propulsion laboratory and again the team

1024
00:39:40,150 --> 00:39:38,720
so let's uh go to the phone lines

1025
00:39:41,829 --> 00:39:40,160
and then we're going to take a couple of

1026
00:39:43,990 --> 00:39:41,839
questions from social media and then

1027
00:39:46,069 --> 00:39:44,000
we're going to show the video

1028
00:39:48,310 --> 00:39:46,079
let me take one

1029
00:39:50,390 --> 00:39:48,320
question from social media

1030
00:39:52,150 --> 00:39:50,400
i think we want to try to go there first

1031
00:39:54,069 --> 00:39:52,160
this is my colleague

1032
00:39:56,310 --> 00:39:54,079
jason townsend on the case our manager

1033
00:39:58,150 --> 00:39:56,320
for social media jason what's going on

1034
00:39:59,670 --> 00:39:58,160
out in the social media world indeed

1035
00:40:01,510 --> 00:39:59,680
there's lots of buzz today all over

1036
00:40:03,990 --> 00:40:01,520
social media about this announcement so

1037
00:40:05,910 --> 00:40:04,000
first question comes from crow robot

1038
00:40:08,150 --> 00:40:05,920
has voyager's path pretty well met

1039
00:40:10,150 --> 00:40:08,160
expectations or have unknown or unseen

1040
00:40:14,069 --> 00:40:10,160
gravitational sources modified its

1041
00:40:18,710 --> 00:40:16,630
its course is very accurately determined

1042
00:40:21,990 --> 00:40:18,720
by the gravitational forces we're aware

1043
00:40:26,309 --> 00:40:22,950
okay

1044
00:40:27,589 --> 00:40:26,319
social media we're going to now go to

1045
00:40:29,589 --> 00:40:27,599
the phone line

1046
00:40:31,589 --> 00:40:29,599
and i think we're going uh to san

1047
00:40:33,670 --> 00:40:31,599
francisco david perlman san francisco

1048
00:40:35,190 --> 00:40:33,680
chronicle david

1049
00:40:38,710 --> 00:40:35,200
well thanks very much for taking the

1050
00:40:40,470 --> 00:40:38,720
call uh for don garnett uh could you

1051
00:40:44,150 --> 00:40:40,480
explain the

1052
00:40:47,910 --> 00:40:44,160
uh results of the plasma oscillation in

1053
00:40:50,870 --> 00:40:47,920
october and november 2012 and april may

1054
00:40:53,910 --> 00:40:50,880
2013 and were they both the results of a

1055
00:40:54,870 --> 00:40:53,920
cme from the sun or what what's all that

1056
00:40:56,870 --> 00:40:54,880
about

1057
00:40:58,230 --> 00:40:56,880
uh yes i can comment on that

1058
00:41:02,790 --> 00:40:58,240
uh the

1059
00:41:05,349 --> 00:41:02,800
the last event the uh april may 2013

1060
00:41:07,910 --> 00:41:05,359
we're pretty sure that it started with

1061
00:41:10,150 --> 00:41:07,920
the st patrick's day event which was in

1062
00:41:11,829 --> 00:41:10,160
march of 2012. i don't remember the

1063
00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:11,839
exact date

1064
00:41:15,990 --> 00:41:14,000
because the

1065
00:41:17,670 --> 00:41:16,000
energetic particle instrument tom

1066
00:41:19,670 --> 00:41:17,680
kermigus is an instrument he's here he

1067
00:41:22,470 --> 00:41:19,680
could comment if you

1068
00:41:24,069 --> 00:41:22,480
saw an effect there that had the right

1069
00:41:25,829 --> 00:41:24,079
timing

1070
00:41:28,870 --> 00:41:25,839
now the other event we've had more

1071
00:41:30,390 --> 00:41:28,880
trouble uh identifying just what it was

1072
00:41:32,230 --> 00:41:30,400
on the sun

1073
00:41:33,910 --> 00:41:32,240
that produced that event i think i'd

1074
00:41:35,910 --> 00:41:33,920
have to say that's still under study

1075
00:41:37,589 --> 00:41:35,920
although there are some interesting

1076
00:41:39,510 --> 00:41:37,599
things that happened in the spacecraft

1077
00:41:41,270 --> 00:41:39,520
that are not yet reported i believe

1078
00:41:42,950 --> 00:41:41,280
that's the way i put it

1079
00:41:45,589 --> 00:41:42,960
i might comment that

1080
00:41:47,990 --> 00:41:45,599
because the earth moves around the sun

1081
00:41:49,910 --> 00:41:48,000
we are not always in the ideal position

1082
00:41:51,670 --> 00:41:49,920
to see something headed toward voyager

1083
00:41:53,430 --> 00:41:51,680
in fact in december we're on the

1084
00:41:54,950 --> 00:41:53,440
opposite side of the sun from from

1085
00:41:57,030 --> 00:41:54,960
voyager so something from the sun

1086
00:42:01,109 --> 00:41:57,040
heading out the voyager we could not see

1087
00:42:06,790 --> 00:42:04,150
our next question is from jackie goddard

1088
00:42:09,430 --> 00:42:06,800
from the times of london

1089
00:42:12,150 --> 00:42:09,440
jackie hello and uh congratulations it's

1090
00:42:13,829 --> 00:42:12,160
a question for dr stone um at a tele

1091
00:42:16,150 --> 00:42:13,839
conference like this last year when you

1092
00:42:17,750 --> 00:42:16,160
said that voyager doran was nearing the

1093
00:42:19,430 --> 00:42:17,760
edge of the heliosphere you said that

1094
00:42:21,190 --> 00:42:19,440
you didn't know how you would celebrate

1095
00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:21,200
when the moment finally came but you

1096
00:42:25,190 --> 00:42:22,480
knew that you would probably at least

1097
00:42:27,829 --> 00:42:25,200
hold a meeting um beyond just holding a

1098
00:42:29,510 --> 00:42:27,839
meeting how did you celebrate

1099
00:42:31,829 --> 00:42:29,520
well we did hold the meeting the fact

1100
00:42:33,829 --> 00:42:31,839
we've held three meetings since the

1101
00:42:36,309 --> 00:42:33,839
since the plasma wave observations

1102
00:42:39,109 --> 00:42:36,319
occurred because uh this is obviously an

1103
00:42:41,990 --> 00:42:39,119
exciting milestone for for all of us and

1104
00:42:43,430 --> 00:42:42,000
i think uh we're looking forward to uh

1105
00:42:45,109 --> 00:42:43,440
further meetings coming up with the

1106
00:42:47,190 --> 00:42:45,119
american geophysical union meeting in

1107
00:42:49,190 --> 00:42:47,200
december so somewhere along the line we

1108
00:42:51,589 --> 00:42:49,200
will really celebrate but individually

1109
00:42:53,349 --> 00:42:51,599
we're all overjoyed

1110
00:42:55,109 --> 00:42:53,359
i might comment on that actually i

1111
00:43:00,710 --> 00:42:55,119
considered those meetings to be

1112
00:43:06,309 --> 00:43:03,349
okay now we uh have bill harwood cbs

1113
00:43:08,230 --> 00:43:06,319
news bill greetings

1114
00:43:10,309 --> 00:43:08,240
hey thank you very much a question for

1115
00:43:12,710 --> 00:43:10,319
ed what about voyager 2 when would you

1116
00:43:14,630 --> 00:43:12,720
expect it to uh

1117
00:43:15,990 --> 00:43:14,640
to get there and what will it bring to

1118
00:43:18,069 --> 00:43:16,000
the table instrument wise that you

1119
00:43:20,630 --> 00:43:18,079
didn't have a voyager 1 thing well first

1120
00:43:22,470 --> 00:43:20,640
of all voyager 1 is headed up in the

1121
00:43:25,030 --> 00:43:22,480
toward the north and pretty

1122
00:43:27,910 --> 00:43:25,040
much in the nose word direction voyager

1123
00:43:29,829 --> 00:43:27,920
2 is sort of down here uh in the south

1124
00:43:32,710 --> 00:43:29,839
and somewhat off to the flank so it's a

1125
00:43:35,109 --> 00:43:32,720
different part of the heliosphere

1126
00:43:36,710 --> 00:43:35,119
and it's in c and we do have a working

1127
00:43:38,710 --> 00:43:36,720
solar wind instrument so we're actually

1128
00:43:40,790 --> 00:43:38,720
measuring the plasma density speed and

1129
00:43:43,670 --> 00:43:40,800
temperature we will have that when we

1130
00:43:46,870 --> 00:43:43,680
cross the heliopause on voyager 2.

1131
00:43:50,230 --> 00:43:46,880
uh in terms of timing uh we don't know

1132
00:43:52,150 --> 00:43:50,240
for sure but it was it took three years

1133
00:43:54,069 --> 00:43:52,160
more for voyager 2 to find the

1134
00:43:55,990 --> 00:43:54,079
termination shotgun voyager 1 so you

1135
00:43:58,069 --> 00:43:56,000
might say another three years for

1136
00:44:00,550 --> 00:43:58,079
voyager 2 to find the heliopause to

1137
00:44:05,030 --> 00:44:00,560
first order but in fact as usual the

1138
00:44:11,190 --> 00:44:07,510
okay next caller is clara moskowitz from

1139
00:44:13,349 --> 00:44:11,200
scientific american clara

1140
00:44:14,710 --> 00:44:13,359
yes hi thanks for taking my call i was

1141
00:44:16,950 --> 00:44:14,720
hoping somebody could talk in a little

1142
00:44:19,190 --> 00:44:16,960
bit more detail about the origin of the

1143
00:44:20,829 --> 00:44:19,200
interstellar plasma what it's made up of

1144
00:44:25,270 --> 00:44:20,839
and where we think it comes

1145
00:44:27,589 --> 00:44:25,280
from well the interstellar plasma is

1146
00:44:29,990 --> 00:44:27,599
created by the explosion of stars so

1147
00:44:30,790 --> 00:44:30,000
there's a there's a stellar cycle where

1148
00:44:32,790 --> 00:44:30,800
the

1149
00:44:35,109 --> 00:44:32,800
interstellar medium collapses to make a

1150
00:44:36,950 --> 00:44:35,119
new star if it's so massive that star

1151
00:44:39,109 --> 00:44:36,960
has the life of only about a million

1152
00:44:40,950 --> 00:44:39,119
years and it blows up and puts all of

1153
00:44:43,030 --> 00:44:40,960
its stuff back out into the interstellar

1154
00:44:45,670 --> 00:44:43,040
medium so the interstellar medium is

1155
00:44:47,910 --> 00:44:45,680
constantly replenished by exploding

1156
00:44:51,349 --> 00:44:47,920
stars we do know there were a set of

1157
00:44:54,550 --> 00:44:51,359
exploding stars near the earth 5 to 10

1158
00:44:57,030 --> 00:44:54,560
to 15 million years ago and the material

1159
00:44:59,670 --> 00:44:57,040
we're currently surrounded by is stuff

1160
00:45:04,230 --> 00:44:59,680
that came from those explosions plus

1161
00:45:09,270 --> 00:45:06,390
next question is from kelly beatty

1162
00:45:12,069 --> 00:45:09,280
sky and telescope kelly

1163
00:45:13,510 --> 00:45:12,079
yeah yeah thank you very much and and uh

1164
00:45:16,550 --> 00:45:13,520
it's a great day i'm i'm a little

1165
00:45:19,670 --> 00:45:16,560
confused by the timeline here um

1166
00:45:22,150 --> 00:45:19,680
about a month ago uh the article came

1167
00:45:24,309 --> 00:45:22,160
out by mark swiss back at all that said

1168
00:45:26,230 --> 00:45:24,319
that they thought that voyager was in

1169
00:45:28,790 --> 00:45:26,240
the helios i mean in the interstellar

1170
00:45:30,870 --> 00:45:28,800
medium and ted stone came out with a

1171
00:45:33,430 --> 00:45:30,880
statement saying well it's a little

1172
00:45:35,430 --> 00:45:33,440
typical at this point yet you had the

1173
00:45:37,670 --> 00:45:35,440
plasma wave data at that point so can

1174
00:45:39,829 --> 00:45:37,680
you kind of walk me through the timeline

1175
00:45:41,670 --> 00:45:39,839
of what you knew when you knew it

1176
00:45:44,230 --> 00:45:41,680
well i think don you should talk about

1177
00:45:45,670 --> 00:45:44,240
the time it took to get the data down

1178
00:45:48,710 --> 00:45:45,680
someone was on the tape recorder in the

1179
00:45:51,270 --> 00:45:48,720
spacecraft uh and the time it took to us

1180
00:45:53,589 --> 00:45:51,280
to to really make sure this was plasma

1181
00:45:55,670 --> 00:45:53,599
wave data and not radio data

1182
00:45:57,990 --> 00:45:55,680
right yes well it uh

1183
00:46:00,150 --> 00:45:58,000
the data the high resolution data we get

1184
00:46:02,550 --> 00:46:00,160
the type of thing that you we played the

1185
00:46:04,870 --> 00:46:02,560
sounds they're stored on the taper

1186
00:46:06,550 --> 00:46:04,880
spacecraft tape recorder and it can be

1187
00:46:08,630 --> 00:46:06,560
up to six months they only play it back

1188
00:46:10,069 --> 00:46:08,640
every six months

1189
00:46:12,470 --> 00:46:10,079
but

1190
00:46:14,230 --> 00:46:12,480
i think i would also comment or maybe ed

1191
00:46:16,150 --> 00:46:14,240
you'd want to comment it i believe the

1192
00:46:18,230 --> 00:46:16,160
swiss deck paper was basically a theory

1193
00:46:20,309 --> 00:46:18,240
paper and as a matter of fact our paper

1194
00:46:21,829 --> 00:46:20,319
was submitted at least almost a month

1195
00:46:23,109 --> 00:46:21,839
before there so they just got through

1196
00:46:25,829 --> 00:46:23,119
the

1197
00:46:27,670 --> 00:46:25,839
review cycle faster than we did

1198
00:46:31,190 --> 00:46:27,680
so if you want to talk about the timing

1199
00:46:34,390 --> 00:46:32,550
okay we're going to take a couple more

1200
00:46:35,910 --> 00:46:34,400
questions then a couple of more from

1201
00:46:37,190 --> 00:46:35,920
social media and we're going to try to

1202
00:46:39,589 --> 00:46:37,200
close out the top of the aisle but

1203
00:46:45,910 --> 00:46:39,599
remember stay tuned for that video

1204
00:46:50,870 --> 00:46:48,550
oh collin hi guys thanks again for

1205
00:46:52,230 --> 00:46:50,880
actually doing this and yeah a great job

1206
00:46:54,069 --> 00:46:52,240
getting it out there it's a big moment

1207
00:46:55,750 --> 00:46:54,079
for all of us um i just had a quick

1208
00:46:57,190 --> 00:46:55,760
question now that you're

1209
00:46:59,670 --> 00:46:57,200
you're actually in an interstellar space

1210
00:47:03,829 --> 00:47:02,150
yeah what do you expect to sort of look

1211
00:47:05,190 --> 00:47:03,839
for what are some of the questions that

1212
00:47:06,550 --> 00:47:05,200
you're going to be trying to answer out

1213
00:47:09,510 --> 00:47:06,560
there i mean i know it's an entirely new

1214
00:47:11,109 --> 00:47:09,520
environment so update for sure but like

1215
00:47:13,430 --> 00:47:11,119
yeah what are some of the things that

1216
00:47:16,950 --> 00:47:13,440
that that you'll be looking for as this

1217
00:47:19,990 --> 00:47:16,960
book continues to send data back to us

1218
00:47:21,670 --> 00:47:20,000
gary i can i can comment on that well as

1219
00:47:23,829 --> 00:47:21,680
i showed there where

1220
00:47:25,829 --> 00:47:23,839
as voyageur is moving out the density is

1221
00:47:26,710 --> 00:47:25,839
slowly increasing

1222
00:47:27,990 --> 00:47:26,720
and

1223
00:47:30,069 --> 00:47:28,000
well

1224
00:47:32,230 --> 00:47:30,079
there could be various models for that

1225
00:47:34,390 --> 00:47:32,240
we saw a similar effect with the radio

1226
00:47:37,349 --> 00:47:34,400
emission 20 years ago and in that paper

1227
00:47:38,870 --> 00:47:37,359
i described it as a pile-up effect that

1228
00:47:47,270 --> 00:47:38,880
the

1229
00:47:49,030 --> 00:47:47,280
paper by bronoff

1230
00:47:51,109 --> 00:47:49,040
that suggested that

1231
00:47:52,549 --> 00:47:51,119
for a simple explanation that i've been

1232
00:47:54,390 --> 00:47:52,559
telling some of the media it's like a

1233
00:47:55,990 --> 00:47:54,400
snow plow going through the snow and

1234
00:47:57,349 --> 00:47:56,000
piles up ahead

1235
00:47:58,950 --> 00:47:57,359
but i'm sure that there's more

1236
00:48:01,349 --> 00:47:58,960
sophisticated

1237
00:48:03,510 --> 00:48:01,359
explanations than i actually know that

1238
00:48:06,470 --> 00:48:03,520
gary zank has one

1239
00:48:08,150 --> 00:48:06,480
would you like to take the ball now well

1240
00:48:10,069 --> 00:48:08,160
i can certainly take the ball i'm not

1241
00:48:11,910 --> 00:48:10,079
going to continue your explanation or

1242
00:48:13,829 --> 00:48:11,920
discussion further in that regard don

1243
00:48:16,710 --> 00:48:13,839
but to answer the question that was

1244
00:48:18,630 --> 00:48:16,720
asked in part um there is a great deal

1245
00:48:20,710 --> 00:48:18,640
of very interesting science that that

1246
00:48:21,670 --> 00:48:20,720
really opens up here for one

1247
00:48:23,670 --> 00:48:21,680
um

1248
00:48:25,589 --> 00:48:23,680
one one of the things i think that will

1249
00:48:27,910 --> 00:48:25,599
be of of tremendous interest and

1250
00:48:30,309 --> 00:48:27,920
importance is to study more accurately

1251
00:48:32,309 --> 00:48:30,319
the galactic cosmic rays the galactic

1252
00:48:35,349 --> 00:48:32,319
cosmic rays of course are created in the

1253
00:48:36,390 --> 00:48:35,359
um probably in supernova remnant driven

1254
00:48:38,230 --> 00:48:36,400
shocks

1255
00:48:39,829 --> 00:48:38,240
and and so

1256
00:48:41,829 --> 00:48:39,839
in order to study those we've always

1257
00:48:43,829 --> 00:48:41,839
studied them from within the heliosphere

1258
00:48:45,750 --> 00:48:43,839
and that means studying

1259
00:48:47,510 --> 00:48:45,760
the particles these and very very

1260
00:48:49,990 --> 00:48:47,520
energetic galactic cosmic rays when

1261
00:48:52,549 --> 00:48:50,000
they're very strongly modulated by the

1262
00:48:55,190 --> 00:48:52,559
by the presence of the solar wind and so

1263
00:48:57,190 --> 00:48:55,200
being outside the the heliosphere allows

1264
00:48:59,670 --> 00:48:57,200
us an opportunity to in a sense look at

1265
00:49:01,990 --> 00:48:59,680
the undiluted galactic cosmic ray

1266
00:49:04,069 --> 00:49:02,000
spectrum the undiluted galactic cosmic

1267
00:49:06,230 --> 00:49:04,079
rays so that will tell us a great deal

1268
00:49:08,950 --> 00:49:06,240
more about the interstellar medium at

1269
00:49:11,190 --> 00:49:08,960
very distant distant locations it'll

1270
00:49:12,790 --> 00:49:11,200
tell us about how the galactic cosmic

1271
00:49:14,470 --> 00:49:12,800
rays propagate through this very

1272
00:49:16,470 --> 00:49:14,480
complicated interstellar medium the

1273
00:49:18,069 --> 00:49:16,480
interstellar medium is a mixture of hot

1274
00:49:20,950 --> 00:49:18,079
warm

1275
00:49:23,109 --> 00:49:20,960
ionized partially ionized not ionized

1276
00:49:24,549 --> 00:49:23,119
gases and

1277
00:49:26,390 --> 00:49:24,559
and of course it'll also allow us to

1278
00:49:28,390 --> 00:49:26,400
study a great deal about the nature of

1279
00:49:30,790 --> 00:49:28,400
the fluctuations and the magnetic field

1280
00:49:33,270 --> 00:49:30,800
in the in in the interstellar medium and

1281
00:49:35,670 --> 00:49:33,280
so already in some respects i believe

1282
00:49:38,069 --> 00:49:35,680
voyager is probably and tom crumijus has

1283
00:49:39,829 --> 00:49:38,079
reported on this showing up a number of

1284
00:49:41,750 --> 00:49:39,839
surprises in in the nature of the

1285
00:49:43,190 --> 00:49:41,760
galactic and anomalous cosmic rays the

1286
00:49:44,950 --> 00:49:43,200
anomalous cosmic rays of course

1287
00:49:47,109 --> 00:49:44,960
disappeared but where did they disappear

1288
00:49:49,109 --> 00:49:47,119
to and what effect have they on the on

1289
00:49:51,030 --> 00:49:49,119
the local interstellar medium so that's

1290
00:49:53,109 --> 00:49:51,040
going to be a very large area of study

1291
00:49:55,829 --> 00:49:53,119
another very interesting area that that

1292
00:49:57,670 --> 00:49:55,839
that is worth worth looking at closely

1293
00:49:59,829 --> 00:49:57,680
is certainly we're in the interstellar

1294
00:50:02,950 --> 00:49:59,839
medium but the interstellar medium is

1295
00:50:05,750 --> 00:50:02,960
itself affected by the by the solar wind

1296
00:50:09,829 --> 00:50:05,760
and its properties and so there are very

1297
00:50:12,309 --> 00:50:09,839
complicated um processes that that that

1298
00:50:15,270 --> 00:50:12,319
lead to the deposition of momentum and

1299
00:50:17,270 --> 00:50:15,280
energy into the very local

1300
00:50:19,829 --> 00:50:17,280
environment the very local interstellar

1301
00:50:22,150 --> 00:50:19,839
environment and one example is is the

1302
00:50:23,910 --> 00:50:22,160
propagation of the shock waves that were

1303
00:50:26,470 --> 00:50:23,920
driven off by the sun into the

1304
00:50:28,309 --> 00:50:26,480
interstellar medium how do those

1305
00:50:30,150 --> 00:50:28,319
propagate what do they look like what is

1306
00:50:31,670 --> 00:50:30,160
the nature of the energy and momentum

1307
00:50:33,349 --> 00:50:31,680
transfer from the sun to the

1308
00:50:35,270 --> 00:50:33,359
interstellar medium there are other

1309
00:50:38,230 --> 00:50:35,280
processes at work associated with the

1310
00:50:40,790 --> 00:50:38,240
deposition of energetic neutral atoms

1311
00:50:43,030 --> 00:50:40,800
into the local interstellar medium and

1312
00:50:44,870 --> 00:50:43,040
that has a tangible effect on the nature

1313
00:50:48,069 --> 00:50:44,880
of the interstellar medium so all of

1314
00:50:49,670 --> 00:50:48,079
that needs to be considered and explored

1315
00:50:51,990 --> 00:50:49,680
and then of course there's just the very

1316
00:50:54,950 --> 00:50:52,000
basic questions of what are the what is

1317
00:50:57,190 --> 00:50:54,960
the nature of the interstellar plasma

1318
00:51:00,150 --> 00:50:57,200
proton and electron distribution

1319
00:51:02,069 --> 00:51:00,160
functions and how do those differ from

1320
00:51:04,470 --> 00:51:02,079
the solar wind we unfortunately can't

1321
00:51:06,230 --> 00:51:04,480
get it composition but we can learn an

1322
00:51:08,390 --> 00:51:06,240
enormous amount about the interstellar

1323
00:51:10,390 --> 00:51:08,400
medium that we previously only

1324
00:51:12,470 --> 00:51:10,400
understood from looking at

1325
00:51:14,390 --> 00:51:12,480
remote using remote observations that

1326
00:51:17,190 --> 00:51:14,400
are typically integrated over many

1327
00:51:18,630 --> 00:51:17,200
parsecs so for the first time

1328
00:51:20,790 --> 00:51:18,640
we're actually going to be able to put

1329
00:51:22,549 --> 00:51:20,800
our hands into the interstellar medium

1330
00:51:23,910 --> 00:51:22,559
and look at the stuff and ask what it

1331
00:51:26,309 --> 00:51:23,920
does and what it

1332
00:51:28,549 --> 00:51:26,319
what characteristics it possesses

1333
00:51:30,309 --> 00:51:28,559
so it to my mind it may even be more

1334
00:51:33,270 --> 00:51:30,319
exciting than we've been through in the

1335
00:51:34,470 --> 00:51:33,280
past 20 years if that's possible but

1336
00:51:36,950 --> 00:51:34,480
it's going to be a trem it's a

1337
00:51:38,309 --> 00:51:36,960
tremendous opportunity

1338
00:51:39,990 --> 00:51:38,319
okay we're getting close to the top of

1339
00:51:42,150 --> 00:51:40,000
that we're going to go to social media

1340
00:51:44,069 --> 00:51:42,160
and we'll take one more and i believe

1341
00:51:45,510 --> 00:51:44,079
you have another social media event

1342
00:51:47,750 --> 00:51:45,520
happening later on this afternoon you

1343
00:51:49,349 --> 00:51:47,760
may want to share that jason

1344
00:51:51,670 --> 00:51:49,359
indeed this question comes from twitter

1345
00:51:53,589 --> 00:51:51,680
user jason major will voyager ever be

1346
00:51:57,030 --> 00:51:53,599
able to take a picture of our sun or

1347
00:51:58,069 --> 00:51:57,040
solar system from beyond the heliosphere

1348
00:51:59,829 --> 00:51:58,079
we

1349
00:52:03,030 --> 00:51:59,839
took a picture a portrait of the solar

1350
00:52:05,349 --> 00:52:03,040
system with voyager 1 in 1990 and after

1351
00:52:08,069 --> 00:52:05,359
that we unloaded the software on the

1352
00:52:09,910 --> 00:52:08,079
spacecraft to run the cameras and we no

1353
00:52:12,150 --> 00:52:09,920
longer have the computers which are

1354
00:52:14,390 --> 00:52:12,160
quite old by now on the ground to

1355
00:52:16,870 --> 00:52:14,400
process the data

1356
00:52:18,710 --> 00:52:16,880
and as we've our power supply has gotten

1357
00:52:20,390 --> 00:52:18,720
smaller and smaller we can't we would

1358
00:52:23,030 --> 00:52:20,400
not be have enough power to turn those

1359
00:52:27,829 --> 00:52:23,040
instruments back on at this point so no

1360
00:52:30,870 --> 00:52:29,109
wonderful thanks for answering a few

1361
00:52:32,790 --> 00:52:30,880
social media questions for everybody on

1362
00:52:35,030 --> 00:52:32,800
social media if you are on the platform

1363
00:52:37,109 --> 00:52:35,040
reddit later today we are going to be

1364
00:52:38,710 --> 00:52:37,119
having a bunch of our scientists uh up

1365
00:52:40,870 --> 00:52:38,720
and talking and answering questions in

1366
00:52:43,430 --> 00:52:40,880
an ama on reddit that's an ask me

1367
00:52:45,349 --> 00:52:43,440
anything so if you look on the subreddit

1368
00:52:48,150 --> 00:52:45,359
on there for an ask me anything thread

1369
00:52:50,390 --> 00:52:48,160
we'll be there later it's reddit.com

1370
00:52:52,230 --> 00:52:50,400
thank you jason so ladies and gentlemen

1371
00:52:53,829 --> 00:52:52,240
clearly we want to thank you for being

1372
00:52:55,990 --> 00:52:53,839
here before we get to the video a couple

1373
00:52:57,430 --> 00:52:56,000
of notes here again all of this

1374
00:53:00,390 --> 00:52:57,440
information and more is available on

1375
00:53:01,829 --> 00:53:00,400
www.nasa.gov

1376
00:53:04,549 --> 00:53:01,839
voyager

1377
00:53:06,870 --> 00:53:04,559
and our social media as jason said is

1378
00:53:09,990 --> 00:53:06,880
deeply abuzz on what's going on so let

1379
00:53:12,069 --> 00:53:10,000
me set up this video for you very cool

1380
00:53:13,750 --> 00:53:12,079
over the past several months

1381
00:53:16,309 --> 00:53:13,760
folks were asked what message they would

1382
00:53:17,990 --> 00:53:16,319
send to vorger to commemorate its

1383
00:53:19,510 --> 00:53:18,000
arrival and interstellar space what

1384
00:53:20,710 --> 00:53:19,520
you're going to see are some of those

1385
00:53:23,109 --> 00:53:20,720
messages

1386
00:53:25,349 --> 00:53:23,119
you know when dr grunsfeld was up here

1387
00:53:28,950 --> 00:53:25,359
uh that star trek

1388
00:53:30,870 --> 00:53:28,960
context uh the the audio was low here

1389
00:53:32,470 --> 00:53:30,880
but he created quite a buzz when the

1390
00:53:34,470 --> 00:53:32,480
star trek thing was playing while he was

1391
00:53:37,030 --> 00:53:34,480
talking so check the internet for that

1392
00:53:39,349 --> 00:53:37,040
but you will recognize faces here from

1393
00:53:40,710 --> 00:53:39,359
star trek and from other places and i

1394
00:53:41,990 --> 00:53:40,720
think john

1395
00:53:43,670 --> 00:53:42,000
me being a trekkie and i think they're

1396
00:53:44,549 --> 00:53:43,680
trekkies and i know your trekkies out

1397
00:53:47,670 --> 00:53:44,559
there

1398
00:53:51,910 --> 00:53:47,680
if if mr spock was here he would say

1399
00:53:54,790 --> 00:53:53,510
thanks for joining us and enjoy the

1400
00:53:55,910 --> 00:53:54,800
video

1401
00:54:12,630 --> 00:53:55,920
thank you for joining us on this

1402
00:54:17,910 --> 00:54:15,470
there is voyager crossing over into

1403
00:54:20,150 --> 00:54:17,920
interstellar space

1404
00:54:22,870 --> 00:54:20,160
it's the farthest thing we've ever sent

1405
00:54:25,910 --> 00:54:22,880
anywhere voyager accomplished its

1406
00:54:28,309 --> 00:54:25,920
mission so brilliantly and now goes on

1407
00:54:31,990 --> 00:54:28,319
this vehicle which was which is long

1408
00:54:34,230 --> 00:54:32,000
past its expected uh service life is

1409
00:54:36,230 --> 00:54:34,240
still sending messages they're going

1410
00:54:39,270 --> 00:54:36,240
beyond what we know

1411
00:54:41,109 --> 00:54:39,280
in our neighborhood we are boldly going

1412
00:54:42,470 --> 00:54:41,119
where no one has

1413
00:54:44,470 --> 00:54:42,480
gone before

1414
00:54:47,910 --> 00:54:44,480
it's as simple as that

1415
00:54:50,470 --> 00:54:49,430
the voyager

1416
00:54:52,549 --> 00:54:50,480
record

1417
00:54:55,030 --> 00:54:52,559
and really the voyager mission were

1418
00:54:57,430 --> 00:54:55,040
conceived and executed uh on behalf of

1419
00:55:00,549 --> 00:54:57,440
all humankind with the sounds and

1420
00:55:02,950 --> 00:55:00,559
heartbeats and whale sounds and all the

1421
00:55:06,390 --> 00:55:02,960
different languages of the world

1422
00:55:07,829 --> 00:55:06,400
hello from the children of planet earth

1423
00:55:10,309 --> 00:55:07,839
my name is nick sagan i'm the son of

1424
00:55:11,829 --> 00:55:10,319
carl sagan and in the 70s i recorded

1425
00:55:13,910 --> 00:55:11,839
hello from the children of planet earth

1426
00:55:15,430 --> 00:55:13,920
for the voyager golden record

1427
00:55:17,670 --> 00:55:15,440
that would be enormously proud it would

1428
00:55:21,670 --> 00:55:17,680
be a great celebration it's an amazing

1429
00:55:24,549 --> 00:55:21,680
accomplishment pacific

1430
00:55:26,549 --> 00:55:24,559
i was selected to do portuguese it's

1431
00:55:27,829 --> 00:55:26,559
hard to imagine

1432
00:55:30,470 --> 00:55:27,839
aliens

1433
00:55:33,430 --> 00:55:30,480
being able to decipher the golden record

1434
00:55:35,750 --> 00:55:33,440
but if they can decipher it i like to

1435
00:55:38,309 --> 00:55:35,760
think that they'll they'll take our

1436
00:55:41,030 --> 00:55:38,319
message in a positive spirit

1437
00:55:43,750 --> 00:55:41,040
we stand today at the threshold of a

1438
00:55:46,309 --> 00:55:43,760
great epoch of infinite potential for

1439
00:55:48,549 --> 00:55:46,319
discovery and exploration this is not

1440
00:55:51,589 --> 00:55:48,559
science fiction this is better than

1441
00:55:53,910 --> 00:55:51,599
science fiction this is science reality

1442
00:55:57,670 --> 00:55:53,920
so voyager i bid you farewell

1443
00:55:59,270 --> 00:55:57,680
and thank you for being our ambassador

1444
00:56:00,789 --> 00:55:59,280
job well done

1445
00:56:03,190 --> 00:56:00,799
you should write

1446
00:56:04,870 --> 00:56:03,200
you should maybe drop a postcard

1447
00:56:06,950 --> 00:56:04,880
let us know how you're doing so we

1448
00:56:09,109 --> 00:56:06,960
shouldn't worry congratulations to

1449
00:56:10,390 --> 00:56:09,119
everyone on the voyager team but don't

1450
00:56:12,470 --> 00:56:10,400
stop there

1451
00:56:15,549 --> 00:56:12,480
many more worlds to explore

1452
00:56:18,230 --> 00:56:15,559
and thank you for expanding

1453
00:56:32,870 --> 00:56:18,240
humankind's universe